īetween the years of 10, the English population fluctuated in size due to civil war, famines and plagues. Though the Domesday Book did not count the English population, it has been regarded as one of the first attempts to produce a census of the country. By the time of the compilation of the Domesday Book in the eleventh century, there may have between 1.25 and 2 million people living in England. Nevertheless, the overall population is believed to have fallen precipitously due to political upheavals and plagues. įollowing the Roman withdrawal from Britain, Germanic tribes from continental Europe such as the Angles, Saxons and Jutes began a period of significant migration to the southeastern part of the island, notably bringing their language, Old English. Roman Britain's capital city, Londinium, is estimated to have had a population of about 60,000. The urban population of Roman Britain was about 240,000 people at the end of the fourth century. At the end of the fourth century, it had an estimated population of 3.6 million, of whom 125,000 consisted of the Roman army and their families and dependents. Roman Britain had an estimated population between 2.8 million and 3 million at the end of the second century AD. Welsh is widely spoken as a first language in parts of North and West Wales, and to lesser extent in South East Wales, where English is the dominant first language. Some Celtic languages, namely Scottish Gaelic and Irish, are still spoken by minorities in Scotland and Northern Ireland, respectively, and Cornish has been revived to a limited degree in Cornwall but the predominant language in all these areas is English. The main language of the country is British English. The second and third largest non-white racial groups are Asian British at 7% of the population, followed by Black British people at 3%. The United Kingdom's population is predominantly White British (81.88% at the 2011 Census), but due to migration from Commonwealth nations, Britain has become ethnically diverse. In England, 16-17 year olds should remain in education, employment or training (for example, in the form of A-Levels, vocational training, and apprenticeships), until the age of 18. Parents are obliged to have their children educated from the ages of 5 to 16 years. The United Kingdom's high literacy rate (99% at age 15 and above) is attributable to universal state education, introduced at the primary level in 1870 ( Scotland 1872, free 1890 ) and at the secondary level in 1900. This growth through 'natural change' has been accompanied in the past two decades by growth through net immigration into the United Kingdom, which since 1999 has exceeded natural change. The population of the UK has undergone demographic transition-that is, the transition from a (typically) pre-industrial population, with high birth and mortality rates and slow population growth, through a stage of falling mortality and faster rates of population growth, to a stage of low birth and mortality rates with, again, lower rates of growth. Almost a third of the population lives in south east England, which is predominantly urban and suburban, with about 9 million in the capital city, London, whose population density is just over 5,200 per square kilometre (13,468 per sq mi). It is the 21st most populated country in the world and has a population density of 270 people per square kilometre (700 people/sq mi), with England having significantly greater density than Wales, Scotland, and Northern Ireland. The population of the United Kingdom was estimated at over 67.0 million in 2020.
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